Text-independent speaker recognition using non-linear frame likelihood transformation

When the reference speakers are represented by Gaussian mixture model (GMM), the conventional approach is to accumulate the frame likelihoods over the whole test utterance and compare the results as in speaker identi®cation or apply a threshold as in speaker veri®cation. In this paper we describe a method, where frame likelihoods are transformed into new scores according to some non-linear function prior to their accumulation. We have studied two families of such functions. First one, actually, performs likelihood normalization ± a technique widely used in speaker veri®cation, but applied here at frame level. The second kind of functions transforms the likelihoods into weights according to some criterion. We call this transformation weighting models rank (WMR). Both kinds of transformations require frame likelihoods from all (or subset of all) reference models to be available. For this, every frame of the test utterance is input to the required reference models in parallel and then the likelihood transformation is applied. The new scores are further accumulated over the whole test utterance in order to obtain an utterance level score for a given speaker model. We have found out that the normalization of these utterance scores also has the e€ect for speaker veri®cation. The experiments using two databases ± TIMIT corpus and NTT database for speaker recognition ± showed better speaker identi®cation rates and signi®cant reduction of speaker veri®cation equal error rates (EER) when the frame likelihood transformation was used. Ó 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.